websocket入门教程

1. WebSocket介绍

WebSocket 是基于 TCP 的一种新的网络协议。

它实现了浏览器与服务器全双工通信——浏览器和服务器只需要完成一次握手，两者之间就可以创建持久性的连接， 并进行双向数据传输。

HTTP协议和WebSocket协议对比：

• HTTP是短连接
• WebSocket是长连接
• HTTP通信是单向的，基于请求响应模式
• WebSocket支持双向通信
• HTTP和WebSocket底层都是TCP连接

思考：既然WebSocket支持双向通信，功能看似比HTTP强大，那么我们是不是可以基于WebSocket开发所有的业务功能？

WebSocket缺点：

服务器长期维护长连接需要一定的成本 各个浏览器支持程度不一 WebSocket 是长连接，受网络限制比较大，需要处理好重连

结论：WebSocket并不能完全取代HTTP，它只适合在特定的场景下使用

WebSocket应用场景：

• 视频弹幕
• 网页聊天
• 体育实况更新
• 股票基金报价实时更新

2. SpringBoot结合WebSocket入门案例

需求：实现浏览器与服务器全双工通信。浏览器既可以向服务器发送消息，服务器也可主动向浏览器推送消息。

结果展示：

2.1. 实现步骤

入门案例实现步骤如下:

• 1.直接使用websocket.html页面作为WebSocket客户端
• 2.导入WebSocket的maven坐标
• 3.导入WebSocket服务端组件WebSocketServer，用于和客户端通信
• 4.导入配置类WebSocketConfiguration，注册WebSocket的服务端组件
• 5.导入定时任务类WebSocketTask，定时向客户端推送数据

2.2. 代码实现

创建WebSocket-Demo,并导入对应依赖到pom.xml

• 完整项目结果

• pom.xml 依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <version>2.7.15</version>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.zbbmeta</groupId>
    <artifactId>WebSocket-Demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <version>2.7.15</version>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.zbbmeta</groupId>
    <artifactId>WebSocket-Demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <version>2.7.15</version>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.zbbmeta</groupId>
    <artifactId>WebSocket-Demo</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

【步骤一】:创建项目引导类

在java目录下创建com.zbbmeta包，在其包下创建WebSocketApplication引导类

package com.zbbmeta;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableScheduling;
/**
 * @author 不念博客
 * @description: TODO
 */
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableScheduling
public class WebSocketApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebSocketApplication.class,args);
    }
}
package com.zbbmeta;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableScheduling;

/**
 * @author 不念博客
 * @description: TODO
 */
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableScheduling
public class WebSocketApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebSocketApplication.class,args);
    }
}
package com.zbbmeta;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableScheduling;

/**
 * @author 不念博客
 * @description: TODO
 */
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableScheduling
public class WebSocketApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebSocketApplication.class,args);
    }
}

【步骤二】:配置文件

在resources目录下创建application.yml文件，内容如下

server:
  port: 8078
server:
  port: 8078
server:
  port: 8078

【步骤三】: 定义websocket.html页面

在resources目录下创建static，并创建websocket.html页面，内容如下:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>WebSocket Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
    <input id="text" type="text" />
    <button onclick="send()">发送消息</button>
    <button onclick="closeWebSocket()">关闭连接</button>
    <div id="message">
    </div>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
    var websocket = null;
    var clientId = Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);
    //判断当前浏览器是否支持WebSocket
    if('WebSocket' in window){
        //连接WebSocket节点
        websocket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8078/ws/"+clientId);
    }
    else{
        alert('Not support websocket')
    }
    //连接发生错误的回调方法
    websocket.onerror = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("error");
    };
    //连接成功建立的回调方法
    websocket.onopen = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("连接成功");
    }
    //接收到消息的回调方法
    websocket.onmessage = function(event){
        setMessageInnerHTML(event.data);
    }
    //连接关闭的回调方法
    websocket.onclose = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("close");
    }
    //监听窗口关闭事件，当窗口关闭时，主动去关闭websocket连接，防止连接还没断开就关闭窗口，server端会抛异常。
    window.onbeforeunload = function(){
        websocket.close();
    }
    //将消息显示在网页上
    function setMessageInnerHTML(innerHTML){
        document.getElementById('message').innerHTML += innerHTML + '<br/>';
    }
    //发送消息
    function send(){
        websocket.onopen()
        var message = document.getElementById('text').value;
        websocket.send(message);
    }
 
 //关闭连接
    function closeWebSocket() {
        websocket.close();
    }
</script>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>WebSocket Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
    <input id="text" type="text" />
    <button onclick="send()">发送消息</button>
    <button onclick="closeWebSocket()">关闭连接</button>
    <div id="message">
    </div>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
    var websocket = null;
    var clientId = Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);

    //判断当前浏览器是否支持WebSocket
    if('WebSocket' in window){
        //连接WebSocket节点
        websocket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8078/ws/"+clientId);
    }
    else{
        alert('Not support websocket')
    }

    //连接发生错误的回调方法
    websocket.onerror = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("error");
    };

    //连接成功建立的回调方法
    websocket.onopen = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("连接成功");
    }

    //接收到消息的回调方法
    websocket.onmessage = function(event){
        setMessageInnerHTML(event.data);
    }

    //连接关闭的回调方法
    websocket.onclose = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("close");
    }

    //监听窗口关闭事件，当窗口关闭时，主动去关闭websocket连接，防止连接还没断开就关闭窗口，server端会抛异常。
    window.onbeforeunload = function(){
        websocket.close();
    }

    //将消息显示在网页上
    function setMessageInnerHTML(innerHTML){
        document.getElementById('message').innerHTML += innerHTML + '<br/>';
    }

    //发送消息
    function send(){
        websocket.onopen()
        var message = document.getElementById('text').value;
        websocket.send(message);
    }
 
 //关闭连接
    function closeWebSocket() {
        websocket.close();
    }
</script>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>WebSocket Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
    <input id="text" type="text" />
    <button onclick="send()">发送消息</button>
    <button onclick="closeWebSocket()">关闭连接</button>
    <div id="message">
    </div>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
    var websocket = null;
    var clientId = Math.random().toString(36).substr(2);

    //判断当前浏览器是否支持WebSocket
    if('WebSocket' in window){
        //连接WebSocket节点
        websocket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8078/ws/"+clientId);
    }
    else{
        alert('Not support websocket')
    }

    //连接发生错误的回调方法
    websocket.onerror = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("error");
    };

    //连接成功建立的回调方法
    websocket.onopen = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("连接成功");
    }

    //接收到消息的回调方法
    websocket.onmessage = function(event){
        setMessageInnerHTML(event.data);
    }

    //连接关闭的回调方法
    websocket.onclose = function(){
        setMessageInnerHTML("close");
    }

    //监听窗口关闭事件，当窗口关闭时，主动去关闭websocket连接，防止连接还没断开就关闭窗口，server端会抛异常。
    window.onbeforeunload = function(){
        websocket.close();
    }

    //将消息显示在网页上
    function setMessageInnerHTML(innerHTML){
        document.getElementById('message').innerHTML += innerHTML + '<br/>';
    }

    //发送消息
    function send(){
        websocket.onopen()
        var message = document.getElementById('text').value;
        websocket.send(message);
    }
 
 //关闭连接
    function closeWebSocket() {
        websocket.close();
    }
</script>
</html>

【步骤四】: 导入websocket依赖坐标

在pom.xml文件中添加websocket依赖

<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-websocket</artifactId>
</dependency>

【步骤五】: 定义WebSocket服务端组件

在com.zbbmeta.websocket包下创建WebSocketServer服务组件类

package com.zbbmeta.websocket;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import javax.websocket.OnClose;
import javax.websocket.OnMessage;
import javax.websocket.OnOpen;
import javax.websocket.Session;
import javax.websocket.server.PathParam;
import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
 * @author springboot葵花宝典
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Component
@ServerEndpoint("/ws/{sid}")
public class WebSocketServer {
    //存放会话对象
    private static Map<String, Session> sessionMap = new HashMap();
    /**
     * 连接建立成功调用的方法
     */
    @OnOpen
    public void onOpen(Session session, @PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("客户端：" + sid + "建立连接");
        sessionMap.put(sid, session);
    }
    /**
     * 收到客户端消息后调用的方法
     *
     * @param message 客户端发送过来的消息
     */
    @OnMessage
    public void onMessage(String message, @PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("收到来自客户端：" + sid + "的信息:" + message);
    }
    /**
     * 连接关闭调用的方法
     *
     * @param sid
     */
    @OnClose
    public void onClose(@PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("连接断开:" + sid);
        sessionMap.remove(sid);
    }
    /**
     * 群发
     *
     * @param message
     */
    public void sendToAllClient(String message) {
        Collection<Session> sessions = sessionMap.values();
        for (Session session : sessions) {
            try {
                //服务器向客户端发送消息
                session.getBasicRemote().sendText(message);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}
package com.zbbmeta.websocket;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import javax.websocket.OnClose;
import javax.websocket.OnMessage;
import javax.websocket.OnOpen;
import javax.websocket.Session;
import javax.websocket.server.PathParam;
import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * @author springboot葵花宝典
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Component
@ServerEndpoint("/ws/{sid}")
public class WebSocketServer {

    //存放会话对象
    private static Map<String, Session> sessionMap = new HashMap();

    /**
     * 连接建立成功调用的方法
     */
    @OnOpen
    public void onOpen(Session session, @PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("客户端：" + sid + "建立连接");
        sessionMap.put(sid, session);
    }

    /**
     * 收到客户端消息后调用的方法
     *
     * @param message 客户端发送过来的消息
     */
    @OnMessage
    public void onMessage(String message, @PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("收到来自客户端：" + sid + "的信息:" + message);
    }

    /**
     * 连接关闭调用的方法
     *
     * @param sid
     */
    @OnClose
    public void onClose(@PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("连接断开:" + sid);
        sessionMap.remove(sid);
    }

    /**
     * 群发
     *
     * @param message
     */
    public void sendToAllClient(String message) {
        Collection<Session> sessions = sessionMap.values();
        for (Session session : sessions) {
            try {
                //服务器向客户端发送消息
                session.getBasicRemote().sendText(message);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

}
package com.zbbmeta.websocket;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import javax.websocket.OnClose;
import javax.websocket.OnMessage;
import javax.websocket.OnOpen;
import javax.websocket.Session;
import javax.websocket.server.PathParam;
import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * @author springboot葵花宝典
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Component
@ServerEndpoint("/ws/{sid}")
public class WebSocketServer {

    //存放会话对象
    private static Map<String, Session> sessionMap = new HashMap();

    /**
     * 连接建立成功调用的方法
     */
    @OnOpen
    public void onOpen(Session session, @PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("客户端：" + sid + "建立连接");
        sessionMap.put(sid, session);
    }

    /**
     * 收到客户端消息后调用的方法
     *
     * @param message 客户端发送过来的消息
     */
    @OnMessage
    public void onMessage(String message, @PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("收到来自客户端：" + sid + "的信息:" + message);
    }

    /**
     * 连接关闭调用的方法
     *
     * @param sid
     */
    @OnClose
    public void onClose(@PathParam("sid") String sid) {
        System.out.println("连接断开:" + sid);
        sessionMap.remove(sid);
    }

    /**
     * 群发
     *
     * @param message
     */
    public void sendToAllClient(String message) {
        Collection<Session> sessions = sessionMap.values();
        for (Session session : sessions) {
            try {
                //服务器向客户端发送消息
                session.getBasicRemote().sendText(message);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

}

【步骤六】: 定义配置类，注册WebSocket的服务端组件

在com.zbbmeta.config包下，创建WebSocketConfiguration配置类

package com.zbbmeta.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.socket.server.standard.ServerEndpointExporter;
/**
 * @author 不念博客
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Configuration
public class WebSocketConfiguration {
    @Bean
    public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() {
        return new ServerEndpointExporter();
    }
}
package com.zbbmeta.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.socket.server.standard.ServerEndpointExporter;

/**
 * @author 不念博客
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Configuration
public class WebSocketConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() {
        return new ServerEndpointExporter();
    }

}
package com.zbbmeta.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.socket.server.standard.ServerEndpointExporter;

/**
 * @author 不念博客
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Configuration
public class WebSocketConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public ServerEndpointExporter serverEndpointExporter() {
        return new ServerEndpointExporter();
    }

}

【步骤七】:  定义定时任务类，定时向所有客户端推送数据

在com.zbbmeta.task包下，创建WebSocketTask类，使用Spring-Task进行定时发送

package com.zbbmeta.task;
import com.zbbmeta.websocket.WebSocketServer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
/**
 * @author springboot葵花宝典
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Component
public class WebSocketTask {
    @Autowired
    private WebSocketServer webSocketServer;
    /**
     * 通过WebSocket每隔5秒向客户端发送消息
     */
    @Scheduled(cron = "0/5 * * * * ?")
    public void sendMessageToClient() {
        webSocketServer.sendToAllClient("这是来自服务端的消息：" + DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("HH:mm:ss").format(LocalDateTime.now()));
    }
}
package com.zbbmeta.task;

import com.zbbmeta.websocket.WebSocketServer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;

/**
 * @author springboot葵花宝典
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Component
public class WebSocketTask {
    @Autowired
    private WebSocketServer webSocketServer;

    /**
     * 通过WebSocket每隔5秒向客户端发送消息
     */
    @Scheduled(cron = "0/5 * * * * ?")
    public void sendMessageToClient() {
        webSocketServer.sendToAllClient("这是来自服务端的消息：" + DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("HH:mm:ss").format(LocalDateTime.now()));
    }
}
package com.zbbmeta.task;

import com.zbbmeta.websocket.WebSocketServer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;

/**
 * @author springboot葵花宝典
 * @description: TODO
 */
@Component
public class WebSocketTask {
    @Autowired
    private WebSocketServer webSocketServer;

    /**
     * 通过WebSocket每隔5秒向客户端发送消息
     */
    @Scheduled(cron = "0/5 * * * * ?")
    public void sendMessageToClient() {
        webSocketServer.sendToAllClient("这是来自服务端的消息：" + DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("HH:mm:ss").format(LocalDateTime.now()));
    }
}

2.3. 功能测试

启动服务，浏览器，打开websocket.html页面浏览器结果